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Thallium
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THALLIUM (III ions)

Number 81 on the "periodic table" of elements

Tests the presence of ions of thallium III to a high degree of accuracy to detect contamination in the body and on a wide range of materials in your environment


Thallium is a soft gray post-transition metal and is not found free in nature. Thallium is found in the minerals crooksite (CuThSe), lorandite (TlAsS2), and hutchinsonite ((Pb, Tl)2As5S9)) but is usually obtained as a byproduct in the production of sulfuric acid or as a byproduct of refining lead or zinc. Thallium tends to oxidize to the +3 (Thallium III) and +1 (Thallium I) oxidation states as ionic salts

Thallium, used in conjunction with sulfur or selenium and arsenic, forms low melting glass. Thallium sulfate (Tl2SO4), an odourless, tasteless thallium compound, was once used as a rat and ant poison. It has since been banned from household use in USA and many countries since 1974. Thallium sulfide (Tl2S), thallium iodide (Tll) and thallium bromide (TlBr) are all compounds used in devices to detect infrared radiation.


Sources
Thallium is produced not from potassium ores commercially but as a by-product from refining of heavy metal sulfide ores. Approximately 60-70% of thallium production is used in the electronics industry and the remainder is used in the pharmaceutical industry and in glass manufacturing. Other uses are in infrared detectors. The radioisotope thallium-201 (as the soluble chloride TlCl) is used in small, nontoxic amounts as an agent in a nuclear medicine scan during one type of nuclear cardiac stress test.

The major source of thallium for practical purposes is he trace amount found in copper, lead, zinc and other heavy metal sulfide ores. In summary, sources of thallium are:
  • Home and Environment - food and water
  • Home grown fruits and green vegetables produced in areas adjacent to thallium releasing industry may contain thallium. Thallium is readily absorbed through plant roots.
  • Water near hazardous waste sites has been shown to have elevated levels of thallium, as was the surrounding soil.
  • Industry:
  • Thallium is released by coal fire power plants, cement factories, and smelting operations, and can then deposit onto nearby soil and plants. This process is a common source of thallium exposoure.
  • Individuals working in industries associated with thallium release regularly have higher levels of thallium due to deposition of thallium on their skin.
  • Smoking
  • Studies have found that those who smoke may be more exposed to thallium than those who do not smoke. Smokers have been shown to have twice as much thallium in their bodies when compared to non-smokers.

Toxicity and Symptoms
Thallium itself and compounds containing the element is highly toxic. It is particularly dangerous because the compounds containing thallium are colourless, odourless and tasteless. Thallium can be absorbed from the skin as well as inhaled and ingested. Just more than 1 gram or over 8 milligram per kg of body weight enters the body, symptoms of thallium poisoning develop.

Gastrointestinal symptoms:
These symptoms predominate early, usually within the first 3-4 hours, with the most common being abdominal pain with nausea/vomiting and diarrhea or constipation. It is important to remember that, unlike most other metal salts exposures, gastrointestinal findings in thallium toxicity may be mild or nonexistent, especially in chronic poisoning. Rarely, the vomitus and stools are bloody.

Neurologic symptoms:
These symptoms usually appear 2-5 days (though some reports are for < 24 h) postexposure and include severely painful, rapidly progressive, ascending peripheral neuropathies. This is generally the reason patients seek medical care. Pain and paresthesias of the hands and the lower extremities, especially the soles of the feet, are also common. Distal motor weakness occurs, with the lower limbs more affected than the upper limbs. Ataxia, tremor, athetosis, cranial nerve palsies, headache, seizures, insomnia, coma, and death may also occur.

Dermatologic symptoms:
The first cutaneous signs are not specific and include scaling of the palms and soles and acneiform or pustular eruptions of the face. During weeks 2-3, a sudden onset of hair loss quickly progresses to diffuse alopecia. The hair loss primarily affects the scalp, temporal parts of the eyebrows, the eyelashes, and the limbs. Less often, the axillary regions are affected. Hair discoloration may also occur. One month after the poisoning, Mees lines (transverse white lines on the nails) appear in the nail plate. Other dermatologic findings include crusted eczematous lesions, hypohidrosis, anhidrosis, palmar erythema, stomatitis, and painful glossitis with redness of the tip of the tongue.

Cardovascular symptoms:
Include tachycardia and hypertension. Significant ongoing tachycardia may be associated with a poor prognosis.

Pulmonary symptoms:
Some patients can experience pleuritic chest pain or tightness upon exposure. The mechanism for this particular symptom is unclear.


Toxicity and Symptoms
Thallium itself and compounds containing the element is highly toxic. Contact with skin is dangerous, and adequate ventilation should be provided when melting this metal. Many thallium(I) compounds are highly soluble in water and are readily absorbed through the skin. Exposure to them should not exceed 0.1 mg per m2 of skin in an 8-hour time-weighted average (40-hour work week). Thallium is a suspected human carcinogen.

Acute effects are:
  • hair loss
  • damage to peripheral nerves
  • abdominal pain, nausea, vomitting
  • sickness and dizziness
  • scaling of palms and soles of feet
  • hypertension
  • chest pain



Check out thallium III levels in your body with our easy to use, home-based, HMT Thallium Test kit


Sample of a HMT Thallium Test kit


Osumex HM-Chelat is most effective in eliminating heavy metals contamination in the body





The above information is provided for general educational purposes only. It is not intended to replace competent health care advice received from a knowledgeable healthcare professional. You are urged to seek healthcare advice for the treatment of any illness or disease.
Health Canada and the FDA (USA) have not evaluated these statements. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

 


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